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Saeid Habibi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Rassol Nouri Khajebelagh
Abstract
Water, food, and energy are three essential sources for maintaining life and fostering socio-economic development, and they are inseparably interconnected. The aim of the present study was to examine the indicators of water, energy efficiency, and global warming potential of major agricultural products, ...
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Water, food, and energy are three essential sources for maintaining life and fostering socio-economic development, and they are inseparably interconnected. The aim of the present study was to examine the indicators of water, energy efficiency, and global warming potential of major agricultural products, namely wheat and rapeseed, in two different climates in Sari and Sharifabad plains. To investigate these indicators in wheat and rapeseed crops, data from the agricultural year 1400-1401 were utilized. Initially, the sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula. Subsequently, sampling was done using a questionnaire designed by the researchers themselves. The questionnaires numbered 300, and the collected information included input consumption and production quantities. The results of water physical efficiency showed that the average water physical efficiency in Sari plain for wheat and rapeseed crops was 1.13 and 0.67 kilograms per cubic meter, respectively, while in Sharifabad plain, it was 0.83 and 0.35 kilograms per cubic meter, respectively. Furthermore, the results for energy indicators indicated that the highest level of input energy in Sari and Sharifabad plains for wheat was 80618 and 71072 megajoules per hectare, respectively. The results also showed that greenhouse gas emissions were higher in Sari than in Sharifabad, attributed to excessive fertilizer and pesticide use in Sari. The highest greenhouse gas emissions in Sari for wheat were 2495 kilograms of CO2 per hectare, and in Sharifabad, it was 2299 kilograms of CO2 per hectare. Overall, the results indicated that crop performance in humid regions is higher than in dry and semi-dry regions, and this indicator depends on various parameters, including water consumption and management discussions.
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Fahimeh Karimpour; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; Vahid Akbarpour
Abstract
Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant ...
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Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant plants. One of these methods may be magnetizing irrigation water. In the present study, to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the fresh and dry weight, as well as the essential oil of the medicinal plant Maryam Goli (Salvia L.), a pot experiment was conducted in an open space using a factorial design and completely randomized layout with four replications. The experimental treatments included salinity of irrigation water prepared from different concentrations of Caspian Sea water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% mixing with well water) and a control treatment (well water), in both magnetic and non-magnetic conditions. Due to rainfall during the growth season, at the end of the experiment, the saturation extract salinity (EC) of the soil corresponding to the control treatment and the 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% water mixtures were 3.15 (I0), 3.65 (I1), 4.55 (I2), 4.75 (I3), and 5.06 (I4) dS/m, respectively. The results showed that, in the I4 treatment, both the dry and fresh weights of the plant decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively. However, regarding the effect of magnetized water, the results indicated that in saline treatments with soil EC less than 3.65 dS/m (I0 and I1), use of magnetized water prevented a significant decrease in the weight of Maryam Goli plant shoots. Furthermore, the research results demonstrated non-significant changes in the essential oil of Maryam Goli plant due to irrigation with different salinities as well as magnetic water. Based on the results, it is recommended that irrigation management of Maryam Goli plants using magnetized saline water be carried out in such a way that the saturation extract salinity of the soil does not exceed 3.65 dS/m during the growing season.
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Razieh Bayani; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Abdolmajid Liaghat; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji
Abstract
Due to the drought, water and food security in the country is facing serious challenges, and a precise and science-based implementation plan is needed. The use of new technologies, such as modern irrigation systems, is essential as an effective tool for optimal water use. Therefore, this study was conducted ...
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Due to the drought, water and food security in the country is facing serious challenges, and a precise and science-based implementation plan is needed. The use of new technologies, such as modern irrigation systems, is essential as an effective tool for optimal water use. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield components, and water efficiency of rice variety "Honda" in two surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems in a paddy field located in Kiasar, Mazandaran Province, Iran, during the spring and summer of 2022. The experimental design was strip plots using a randomized complete block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications in 18 plots measuring 2 by 3 m. The treatments included surface drip irrigation with strip distances of 25, 50, and 75 cm, and subsurface drip irrigation at a depth of 30 cm with the same strip distances. The results showed that cluster length, number of grains, plant height, and root length were significantly increased in surface drip irrigation treatments compared to subsurface treatments, with an increase of 1.2 cm (6.8%), 8.19 (49.8%), 6.9 cm (8.2%), and 1 centimeters (6.9%), respectively. The grain yield, harvest index, physical efficiency, and economic efficiency in the surface drip irrigation treatments showed significant increases of 1664 kg/ha (40.8%), 4.7% (14.1%), 0.27 kg/m3 (38.5%), and 242,363 Rials/m3 (38.4%), respectively, compared to subsurface drip irrigation treatments. The maximum grain yield and harvest index were observed at distances of 25 cm, equal to 5834 kg/ha and 40%, respectively. The maximum physical efficiency was observed at a distance of 50 cm, equal to 0.93 kg/m3. With an increase in distance between the strips from 25 to 50 cm, the physical efficiency increased by 22%. However, further increase in the distance led to a decrease in physical efficiency. The maximum economic efficiency was observed for surface drip irrigation at a distance of 50 cm, equal to 836,951 Rials/m3.
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Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Masoud Pourgholam-Amiji
Abstract
Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial ...
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Searching for ways to reduce consumption and preserve water resources is of great importance. Using magnetized water may be effective in this regard. In this research, the effect of water stress using magnetized water on the yield and yield components of strawberry plants was investigated. The factorial experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in 2021 and 2022 in Neka Region. The main factor included the type of irrigation water (Non-Magnetized Water (W1) and Magnetized Water (W2)) and the secondary factor included the level of irrigation in three levels (100% FI: Flood irrigation =I1, 80%FI =I2, and 60%FI =I3). The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level on the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and weight of fruit, biomass, and plant yield and water productivity was significant (p< 1%). On average, by application of magnetized water, the number of fruits per plant, length, diameter and fruit weight, biomass, plant yield, and water productivity were increased by 15.1%, 16.6%, 18%, 20/2%, 23%, 16.8%, and 11.7%, respectively. By reducing the amount of irrigation water, the appearance characteristics of strawberry fruit and yield decreased, but the water productivity increased. The biggest decrease was related to the number of fruits per plant at the irrigation level of 60%, which decreased by 42.72% compared to the control treatment. In conclusion, use of magnetized water technology and deficit irrigation improved strawberry yield.
Amir Hossein Yadollahi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi
Abstract
The crisis of water scarcity is the main reason for the reduction of crops and the lack of human food needs in the countries located in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the methods used to increase the yield and water productivity is the use of low irrigation and magnetized water technology. The purpose ...
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The crisis of water scarcity is the main reason for the reduction of crops and the lack of human food needs in the countries located in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the methods used to increase the yield and water productivity is the use of low irrigation and magnetized water technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation with magnetized water on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The present research was performed on a farm located in Aghuzbon Village, Mazandaran Province, Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The control treatment included full irrigation (FI) at all stages of the plant growth with normal water (non-magnetized). The main factor included non-magnetized water (W1) and magnetized water (W2), and the sub-factor included irrigation levels (I1=100%, I2=80%, and I3= 60% of crop water requirement). For irrigation, the trickle irrigation system with tape pipes was used. The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level as well as their interaction on parameters of pod per plant, seed per pod, grain yield, and water use efficiency were significant (p<1%). The highest pods per plant, seed per pod and grain yield in W2I1 treatment were 13.2, 7.5, and 8.472 t. ha-1, respectively, and the highest water use efficiency was observed in the W2I3 as 3.7 kg.m-3. On average, irrigation with the magnetized water increased grain yield and water productivity by 8.6% and 8.7%, respectively, compared to the non-magnetized water treatment. Also, the effect of type of irrigation water and irrigation level on oil, oil yield, protein, protein yield and germination time had a significant effect at 1% probability level, but had no significant effect on the ripening time. Also, 20% increase in irrigation level from I3 to I2 and from I2 to I1 in non-magnetized water treatment caused increase of the grain yield by 14.5% and 18%, respectively, while in magnetized water treatment, yield increased by 14.2% and 13.6%, respectively. The fastest germination time was related to W2I2 with 10.3 days after planting. In general, it can be concluded that irrigation with magnetized water can be a good way to increase yield, improve quality characteristics, and increase water use efficiency of green pea plant.
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Norollah Jalali; Ali Shahnazari; MZ Ahamadi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mojtaba Rezaie
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation management on water requirement and crop coefficient of Hashemi and Kuhsar cultivars in the first crop. This experiment was carried out in Mahmoudabad District of Mazandaran Province in Iran in the form of factorial in a randomized ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of irrigation management on water requirement and crop coefficient of Hashemi and Kuhsar cultivars in the first crop. This experiment was carried out in Mahmoudabad District of Mazandaran Province in Iran in the form of factorial in a randomized complete block design, in two growing seasons of 2016-2018. The water requirements for the fields (from transplanting to harvest) and the crop coefficient of these two cultivars were studied in two systems of traditional flooding and system of rice intensification (SRI). The results showed that, in the first crop, the two-year average water requirements of Kohsar and Hashemi in SRI were 534 and 556 mm and for the traditional flooding system 623 and 632 mm, respectively. The water required by the farm in traditional flooding decreased by 13.1% in the SRI. Based on reference evapotranspiration using pan evaporation method for the three stages of vegetative, reproductive, and maturing, crop coefficient values for the flooding system for Kuhsar were, respectively, 1.14, 1.29, and 0.92; and for Hashemi, they were 1.18, 1.32, and 0.92. According to the obtained results, SRI causes significant savings in paddy water consumption, therefore, it is suggested that, due to water shortage in the country, this method be used as one of the adaptation strategies in rice fields.
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fereshteh batoukhteh; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Hossein Dehghanisanij
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to estimate the coefficients of different equations of water infiltration into soil, including Philip, Kostyakov, Kostyakov- Louise, Horton, and SCS to estimate the infiltration rate and potential for runoff in long-duration rainfall in two land uses (rangeland and ...
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The main purpose of this study was to estimate the coefficients of different equations of water infiltration into soil, including Philip, Kostyakov, Kostyakov- Louise, Horton, and SCS to estimate the infiltration rate and potential for runoff in long-duration rainfall in two land uses (rangeland and agricultural) and three soil textures (loam, clay loam ,and silty clay loam). These models were fitted to the measured infiltration data to estimate the model parameters and find a suitable model for this region. After estimating the parameters, the infiltration rates for 2, 4 and 24 hours were calculated using the infiltration rate equations of each model. For this purpose, the infiltration data were obtained by double rings method from 16 point of different regions in the basin. The parameters of these models were then obtained, using least square optimization method. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the models, the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash Sutcliffe (NSE) efficiency, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean error (ME) were calculated. Comparisons of the mean of evaluation statistics using the Tukey method showed that the method of estimating cumulative infiltration in the Kostyakov-Louise model had a more-stable trend compared to other models and was evaluated as the best in most soil texture classes and land uses. Means comparisons showed that despite the differences between the models in estimating the cumulative infiltration, the differences between the models in estimating the infiltration rate were not significant and were in the same group. Regardless of the model used, soil texture and land use are the two main factors affecting the final infiltration rate. According to the results, the rate of infiltration with time in agricultural use has significant changes, such that, in this use, it was initially high and decreased sharply with increasing time from 2 hours to 24 hours. In order to reduce the weakening effects of agricultural activities on soil quality and to increase the infiltration rate in long-duration rainfall and reduce runoff, management activities such as expansion of conservation agriculture, no-tillage, and minimum tillage farming operations will play a very effective role.
Masoud Pourgholam Amiji; Addolmajid Liaghat; Arezoo Nazi Ghameshlou; Mojtaba Khoshravesh
Abstract
The problem of soil salinity exists in the paddy field areas in Iran, especially in the Caspian Sea coastal areas, due to its proximity to the sea and low altitude with saline and shallow water table. Besides, considering that rice is one of the most important strategic crops for economy of Iran ...
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The problem of soil salinity exists in the paddy field areas in Iran, especially in the Caspian Sea coastal areas, due to its proximity to the sea and low altitude with saline and shallow water table. Besides, considering that rice is one of the most important strategic crops for economy of Iran and the people in this area, this research was necessary in order to investigate the possibility of production of rice in the presence of shallow and saline groundwater table. This research was performed as a physical model (insulated metallic lysimeter) in the Meteorological Research Center of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, in 2017. The complete randomized design included two treatments with shallow water table: FSG and SSG, with fresh (control) and saline water, respectively. The salinity of irrigation water was 0.94 dS/m for both treatments. Moreover, for SSG treatment, the EC of shallow groundwater was 20 dS/m at 40 cm soil depth and was regulated as an artificial recharge. The results of salinity profile in SSG treatment showed that there was almost no mixing of fresh and saline water in interstitial zone (under the hard pan from 30 cm to 40 cm of soil surface). In this manner, there was insignificant effect of salinity in the root zone, because of existing of permanent water layer in rice field and downward water flow, which makes an obstacle for upward flow for saline water. This problem did not affect the rice yield, which didn’t decrease. The results of data analysis confirm this and show that shallow groundwater salinity has no significant effect on the parameters like leaf area index (LAI), root length (RL), plant length (PL), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll (SPAD), relative water content (RWC) and the biomass (BIO). The difference between the performance of the control and the salinity treatments was about 1 to 12 percent, while the grain and biological yield in SSG treatment compared with FSG treatment decreased 3.2% and 4.5 percent, respectively. Therefore, considering the significant leaching of soil after cultivation, the negligible loss of yield and upward movement of saline water in the soil, production of rice and other plants in such areas seems possible. Also, with the help of efficient and effective use of lands with shallow saline groundwater, we can decrease the pressure on conventional soil and water resources.
zahra bagheri khalili; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mojtaba khoshravesh; jamal abbas palangi
Abstract
Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ...
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Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. In this research, the effect of variables pH (4, 6, and 8), flow rate (8, 11, and 16 mL/min), bed height (40, 50, and 60 cm), and column diameter (45, 57, and 67 mm) were investigated on nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by modified zeolites column. The BET analysis was used to determine the specific surface and diameter of the pores. Structure and morphology of zeolite was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For modification of zeolite levels, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution with concentration of 25 mM was used. The agricultural drainage water with concentration of 80 mg L-1 nitrate was artificially prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate salt in distilled water in the laboratory. The result of the analysis showed that the zeolite sample was from the clinoptilolite type, with specific surface area and mean pore diameter of 11.984 m2g-1 and 15.295 nm, respectively. The results also showed that changes in pH, flow rate, bed height, and column diameter on different indexes of breakthrough curve were significant at 5% level. The maximum adsorption rate occurred at pH=6, while the maximum adsorption efficiency (65.24%) occurred at pH= 8. The reduction of the flow rate caused increase in nitrate removal efficiency, but the highest amount of adsorption (0.2 mg g-1) occurred at a flow rate of 11 mL/min. The highest amount of absorption and removal efficiency occurred at the bed height and column diameter of 60 cm and 67 mm, respectively.
Sajad Azimi; mojtaba khoshravesh; abdolah darzi; Meysam Abedinpour
Abstract
Kashmar plain is located in an arid region and recent consecutive drought events have attracted serious attention to water use management. In this research, the effects of four levels of super absorbent polymer A200 (0(V0), 0.1% (V1), 0.2% (V2) and 0.3% (V3) wt%), four levels of vermicompost (0(V0), ...
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Kashmar plain is located in an arid region and recent consecutive drought events have attracted serious attention to water use management. In this research, the effects of four levels of super absorbent polymer A200 (0(V0), 0.1% (V1), 0.2% (V2) and 0.3% (V3) wt%), four levels of vermicompost (0(V0), 7(V1), 10(V2) and 15(V3) tons per hectare), and three levels of irrigation (60%(W1), 80%(W2) and 100%(W3) of water requirement) were evaluated on water use efficiency (Irrigation water and rain) (WUE) and irrigation water use (WUEi) of wheat. The study was conducted in research farm of Kashmar Higher Education Institute. Factorial experiment was performed using a completely randomized design with 144 pots. The results showed the highest WUE and WUEi in S3V3W3 treatment as 1.49 kg/m3/ha and 2.26 kg/m3/ha, respectively. The lowest WUE and WUEi were observed in S0V0W1 treatment and were 1.03 kg/m3/ha and 1.56 kg/m3/ha, respectively. Totally, it can be concluded that superabsorbent and vermicompost increased the WUE and WUEi. Under the conditions of this experiment, according to the analysis of variance, the combined application of superabsorbent and vermicompost was not significant. Also, according to the comparison of means at 5% significance level, in separate application of superabsorbent and vermicompost, the best value for achieving maximum WUE and WUEi is 0.2% (weight percent) superabsorbent or 10 ton/ha of vermicompost. By using the maximum superabsorbent and vermicompost and increasing water application from 60% to 80% and from 80% to 100%, WUEi increased by 6.5 percent and 19.7 percent, respectively.
T H; M KH; M Z; A GH
Abstract
Crop models are suitable for simulation of crop yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCrop model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and ...
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Crop models are suitable for simulation of crop yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCrop model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The model was calibrated by experimental data of 2011 and validated with data of 2012. The experiment included three irrigation levels of 100%, 75% and 55% water requirement and three salinity levels of 0.7, 5 and 10 dS/m. Statistical indices of the results of validated model including RMSE, E, and d for grain yield were 0.225 ton/ha, 0.88 and 0.97, respectively, and for biomass, they were 0.718 ton/ha, 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. Results showed that grain yield decreased with decrease in the amount of irrigation water and increase in salinity level. Further analysis showed that the sensitivity of AquaCrop model to the canopy decline coefficient (CDC) was more than the other parameters at senescence and maximum canopy cover stages.
t h; m kh; m z
Abstract
Climate change affects precipitation and temperature patterns and, hence, may affect the crops yield. In this study investigated the simulation of grain yield and biomass of soybean under future climate in different irrigation treatments and different planting date as adaptation strategy using AquaCrop ...
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Climate change affects precipitation and temperature patterns and, hence, may affect the crops yield. In this study investigated the simulation of grain yield and biomass of soybean under future climate in different irrigation treatments and different planting date as adaptation strategy using AquaCrop model. For this purpose, the data of precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and sunshine hours and the LARS-WG statistical downscaling model was used from HadCM3 atmospheric general circulation model and under emission scenarios A2 and B1, in the periods 2011- 2038, 2039-2066 and 2067-2094. AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated by the data collected in the field before being used. Finally, the amount of grain yield and biomass simulated in future periods, for 6 different planting dates and for treatments of 100%, 75% and 55% water requirement. Based on the results, under emission scenarios A2 and B1 in 17 June for the period 2011- 2038 as compared to the base period (1981-2008), the amount of simulated biomass and grain yield, decreased, respectively, between 5 to 11.5% and 8.3 to 13.7% and for the period 2039-2066 increased, respectively, between 18.6 to 24% and 16 to 24.4%, and for the period 2067-2094 increased between 9 to 21.8% and 7.2 to 21.2%. Also, by selecting planting date of 20 June, the largest increase of biomass and grain yield were simulated for periods 2011-2038, 2039-2066, and 2067-2094 under the A2 and B1 scenarios. These results will be useful for future irrigation planning in Gorgan area.